5, 13 - 15 These technologies include near-infrared spectroscopy, mid-infrared spectroscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, optical polarimetry, approaches based on microwave and radio wave sensing, and others. Several recent review articles provide detailed descriptions of the different NIO-GM technologies currently under development. Glucose concentrations are estimated by a multivariate analysis of the resulting spectrum.
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In many cases, a selected band of electromagnetic radiation is applied to skin and the diffusely scattered photons are collected. NIO-GM involves sending harmless, low-energy radiation through a vascular body site and extracting information about the glucose concentration from the collected signal. Technology for noninvasive optical glucose monitoring Developers of such products prefer the term noninvasive over minimally invasive because of marketing advantages. On the other hand, other reviews place an emphasis on the lack of puncturing skin for NIFS-GM systems, thereby categorized these devices as noninvasive. The rationale for treating these methods as minimally invasive is based on the fact that these NIFS-GM methods require collection of a body fluid and the analytical measurement does not involve passing radiation through the body. 9 - 11 In other reviews, analysis of fluids other than blood are grouped under either the terms minimally invasive or noninvasive, as illustrated in Figure 1A and and1B. The above definition differs from those used in previous reviews that categorize glucose sensing technologies. Once the processes involved in collecting and analyzing a sample are packaged into an integrated product, the system is defined as a noninvasive fluid sampling glucose monitor (NIFS-GM). In this case, the body fluid, such as tears, sweat, saliva, and urine, is available without puncturing skin and the analytical information is determined ex vivo. Noninvasive fluid sampling glucose monitoringĪ second type of noninvasive measurement involves analysis of a fluid sample that is collected without an invasive procedure. Each product is classified as either of the following: This review reports the results of a literature search to uncover a listing of established and nascent commercial products that are based on non-blood glucose sensing technologies. Non-blood glucose sensing technologies have been under development since the mid-1980s, yet relatively few have realized commercialization and received regulatory approval. 2, 3ĭespite improvements in sample volume requirements, analysis times, and measurement accuracy, the pain, cost, and inconvenience of SMBG technologies are driving the commercial sector to develop new analytical devices that are not based on individual blood measurements, but rather on continuous, or near continuous, glucose measurements in non-blood samples.
This technology also enabled the clinical studies that established the benefits of tight glycemic control in delaying the onset of diabetes complications. This technology permitted, for the first time, the ability for people with diabetes to monitor their individual glycemia on a daily basis. This technology is commonly referred to as either self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) or assisted monitoring of blood glucose (AMBG) and is recognized as a major advance in managing diabetes. 1 In the 1970s, the commercial sector responded by developing analytical systems that provided accurate readings of glucose concentrations in capillary blood samples.
Optimal diabetes management requires glucose monitoring at regular intervals or continuously.
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